Mitochondria

Main thing

Mitochondria are cell organelles that produce energy.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells, such as those of animals, plants, and fungi. They are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. Mitochondria have a unique double membrane structure and their own DNA, which is separate from the cell's nuclear DNA.

The presence of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells allows them to produce more energy than prokaryotic cells, which is essential for supporting complex cellular functions and multicellular life.

Example: In human cells, mitochondria provide the energy needed for various functions, from muscle contraction to the transmission of brain signals.

Terms

• ATP - A molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells. Example: ATP is like a rechargeable battery that powers cellular processes.

• Eukaryotic cells - Cells with a nucleus and organelles, including mitochondria. Example: Human cells are eukaryotic.

• Double membrane - The two layers surrounding mitochondria. Example: The double membrane allows mitochondria to control what enters and exits.

• Organelle - A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function. Example: Mitochondria are organelles that produce energy.

• Prokaryotic cells - Cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Example: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that do not have mitochondria.

• DNA - The molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things. Example: Mitochondria have their own DNA, separate from the cell's nuclear DNA.

An analogy

Mitochondria are like power plants for cells. They convert energy from food into a form that cells can use. Just as a power plant burns fuel to produce electricity for a city, mitochondria burn nutrients to produce ATP for the cell.

Example: Mitochondria in muscle cells produce the energy required for running.

A main misconception

People often think mitochondria only produce energy.While energy production is a primary function, mitochondria also play roles in signaling, cell differentiation, and cell death.

Example: Mitochondria help to regulate the process of apoptosis, which is the programmed death of cells.

The history

1. 1857 - Albert von Kölliker discovers mitochondria in insect muscles.

2. 1898 - Carl Benda coins the term "mitochondrion."

3. 1957 - Philip Siekevitz refers to mitochondria as the "powerhouse of the cell."

Quote: "Mitochondria, as we have seen, are only passed on in the egg, so all 13 mitochondrial genes come from our mothers." - Nick Lane, a biochemist known for his work on the evolutionary significance of mitochondria and their genetic inheritance.

Three cases how to use it right now

1. In medical diagnosis, mitochondrial dysfunction can be identified to treat conditions like mitochondrial diseases.

2. Athletes focus on nutrition that supports mitochondrial health for better performance and recovery.

3. In anti-aging research, scientists target mitochondria to improve cellular health and longevity.

Interesting facts

• Mitochondria have their own DNA, which is inherited maternally.

• A single cell can have hundreds to thousands of mitochondria.

• Mitochondria can change shape and move within the cell.

• They are involved in heat production and calcium storage.

• Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to various diseases, including autism and heart failure.