Invasive mosquitoes in Europe

Main

Invasive mosquitoes are non-native mosquito species that have been introduced and established populations in new areas, posing risks as potential vectors of diseases. In Europe, the most significant invasive mosquito is the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), which was first discovered in Albania in 1979 and has since spread to at least 20 European countries. For example, Aedes albopictus was responsible for the first locally acquired outbreaks of chikungunya in Italy in 2007 and dengue in France and Croatia in 2010.

The main invasive mosquito species currently established in Europe include:

1. Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)

2. Yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti)

3. Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus)

4. Korean bush mosquito (Aedes koreicus)

5. American rock pool mosquito (Aedes atropalpus)

6. Eastern tree hole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus)

Invasive mosquitoes have appeared in Europe primarily through human activities, such as international trade and travel. The global trade in used tires has been a major pathway for the introduction of invasive mosquitoes, as they can breed in the water that collects inside discarded tires during transport. Additionally, the trade of lucky bamboo plants and other ornamental plants has contributed to the spread of invasive mosquitoes. Once introduced, these mosquitoes can spread further within Europe through ground transport and natural dispersal.

Climate change is also playing a significant role in the spread and establishment of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns create more favorable conditions for these mosquitoes to thrive and expand their range. Warmer temperatures can shorten mosquito development times and increase their reproductive rates, while more frequent and intense rainfall events provide additional breeding sites. This combination of factors allows invasive mosquitoes to colonize new areas and potentially transmit diseases in regions where they were previously absent.

Terms

• Aedes albopictus: Also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, it is a competent vector for over 20 arboviruses and is the most widespread invasive mosquito species in Europe.

• Arbovirus: A group of viruses transmitted by arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. Examples include dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses.

• Autochthonous transmission: Local transmission of a disease within a specific area, as opposed to imported cases from other regions.

• Vector: An organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another. In this context, mosquitoes are vectors of various viral diseases.

Analogy

Invasive mosquitoes in Europe are like unwanted guests at a party. They show up uninvited, cause trouble, and are difficult to get rid of. Just as an unruly guest can ruin the atmosphere of a party, invasive mosquitoes can disrupt ecosystems and pose health risks to humans by transmitting diseases.

Misconception

Many people believe that mosquitoes are just a nuisance and don't pose significant health risks in Europe. However, the presence of invasive mosquito species capable of transmitting diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus means that the threat is real. For example, some people might assume that a mosquito bite in Europe is harmless, but if bitten by an invasive Aedes mosquito carrying a virus, they could contract a serious illness.

History

• 1979: First discovery of Aedes albopictus in Albania.

• 1990s-2000s: Rapid spread of Aedes albopictus across southern Europe.

• 2007: First autochthonous outbreak of chikungunya in Italy caused by Aedes albopictus.

• 2010: First autochthonous cases of dengue in France and Croatia linked to Aedes albopictus.

• 2010s-2020s: Continued spread of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe, with increased surveillance and control efforts by public health authorities.

How to use it

1. Be aware of the presence of invasive mosquitoes in your area and take steps to protect yourself from bites, such as using insect repellent and wearing long-sleeved clothing.

2. Eliminate mosquito breeding sites around your home by emptying standing water from containers like buckets, gutters, and old tires.

3. If you suspect you have been bitten by a mosquito and develop symptoms like fever, joint pain, or rash, seek medical attention and inform your doctor about your concerns regarding mosquito-borne diseases.

Facts

• Aedes albopictus has been found as far north as Germany and the Netherlands, showing its ability to adapt to cooler climates.

• The global trade in used tires has been a major pathway for the spread of invasive mosquitoes, as they can breed in the water that collects inside discarded tires.

• In 2022, France reported a record-breaking 65 locally acquired cases of dengue, highlighting the growing risk of arboviral diseases in Europe.

• Climate change is expected to increase the suitable range for invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe by 27% by 2030, according to a study by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

• The economic costs of invasive mosquitoes in Europe are estimated to be in the billions of euros, including expenses for surveillance, control, and healthcare.